The P/B ratio compares a stock's market value to its book value (net assets), providing a floor valuation that is especially useful for banks, insurance companies, and asset-heavy industries. Value investors have long used P/B to identify stocks trading below the liquidation value of their assets. This guide explains when a low P/B signals genuine undervaluation versus deteriorating asset quality, and how to adjust book value for intangibles and goodwill. Filter for low P/B opportunities using our stock screener and pair the results with profitability metrics for a complete picture.
The P/E ratio is the most widely used <a href="/market/stocks">stock</a> valuation metric, comparing a company's share price to its earnings per share in a single intuitive number. It appears everywhere from financial news to our <a href="/tools/screener">stock screener</a>, making it essential knowledge for every investor. Learn to use trailing P/E, forward P/E, and the PEG ratio to determine whether a stock is cheap relative to its growth — a core technique in <a href="/strategies/fundamental-analysis/earnings-valuation-analysis">earnings valuation analysis</a>. Check our <a href="/glossary">glossary</a> for quick definitions of EPS, PEG, and other metrics referenced in this guide.
EV/EBITDA is a capital-structure-neutral valuation metric favoured by professional analysts and private equity firms for comparing companies regardless of their debt levels. Unlike the P/E ratio, EV/EBITDA accounts for debt and cash positions, making it ideal for evaluating <a href="/market/stocks">stocks</a> in capital-intensive industries or during M&A analysis. This guide covers when to use EV/EBITDA, its advantages over P/E, and common pitfalls that can mislead investors — an essential part of <a href="/strategies/fundamental-analysis/earnings-valuation-analysis">earnings valuation analysis</a>. Screen for attractive EV/EBITDA multiples with our <a href="/tools/screener">stock screener</a> and compare candidates against <a href="/market/indices">index</a> benchmarks.
The DCF model estimates a company's intrinsic value by projecting future free cash flows and discounting them to present value — it is the gold standard of fundamental valuation used by professional analysts worldwide. Building a reliable DCF requires careful assumptions about growth rates, discount rates, and terminal value, but when done correctly it provides the most rigorous basis for <a href="/market/stocks">stock</a> buy and sell decisions. This technique sits at the heart of <a href="/strategies/fundamental-analysis/value-investing">value investing</a> and pairs naturally with <a href="/compare/technical-vs-fundamental-analysis">fundamental analysis when compared to technical analysis</a>. Use our <a href="/tools/calculators">financial calculators</a> to run sensitivity tables and stress-test your DCF assumptions across bull, base, and bear scenarios.