
dYdX is the leading decentralised perpetual exchange by volume, having migrated from Ethereum (StarkEx L2) to its own sovereign Cosmos SDK chain in late 2023. The dYdX Chain features a fully decentralised order book, sub-second block times, and validator-operated matching. dYdX V4 represents a major step toward fully decentralised derivatives trading.
GMX is a decentralised perpetual exchange that allows users to trade BTC, ETH, and other assets with up to 100x leverage directly on-chain. GMX V2 introduced isolated pools, customisable fee structures, and improved risk management. Liquidity providers earn fees from all trading activity via the GLP/GM pool model.
Hyperliquid is a high-performance perpetual DEX operating on its own L1 blockchain. It offers CEX-like speed and UX with a fully on-chain order book. Known for extremely low latency, no gas fees for trading, and a wide selection of perpetual markets. Hyperliquid's HLP vault acts as the counterparty market-making entity.
Synthetix is a derivatives liquidity protocol that powers other front-end perp exchanges (like Kwenta). SNX stakers provide collateral backing for synthetic assets and perpetual futures. Synthetix V3 introduced a modular architecture with multi-collateral support. The protocol earns fees from all trading activity on platforms using its liquidity.